Author: (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1817)
FBname: Lusitanian cownose ray
Remark: Considered valid in McEachran and Seret 1990 (Ref. 4441) but with a note that more recent authors consider it to be immature stages of <i>R. marginata</i>. Further study is needed to clarify problem (Ref. 4441).  Tentatively valid in Last et al., 2016, for these differ subltly in their morphology (Ref. 114953:719).
Comments: Found in tropical to warm temperate coastal waters, but absent from islands of western Pacific.  Often forming large groups swimming near the surface and quite destructive of commercial oyster and clam beds.  Feeds on bottom-living mollusks, crustaceans and fishes.  Seldom marketed.  Ovoviviparous, gestation period up to one year with 2-6 embryos produced.