Author: (Linnaeus, 1766)
Remark: Forms inhabiting lower Amazonas and lower Orinoco are tentatively identified as <i>D. carinatus</i> and may represent one or more undescribed species.
Comments: Can emit sounds by moving its pectoral spines.  Every basic unit of sound emitted lasts for 60-70 millisecond, with a frequency of 60-90 Hertz corresponding to the reply frequency of the muscles utilized (Ref. 35381).