Author: Bennett, 1835
FBname: Pontic shad
Comments: Thai species is pelagic at sea, in deep water.  It migrates to middle reaches of large rivers, spawning where current is strongest, close to the surface, often at 2-3 m depth in the main channel.  Migrates upriver to spawn at 3 years, rarely earlier and only a few individuals spawn two seasons.  It appears along the coast in March to April, enters rivers when temperatures reach about 6-9°C, between late March and late April; migration usually peaks in May.  Spawning starts when temperature rises above 15°C in April to August; usually between 1 and 8 p.m.  Pelagic eggs.  Spent individuals return to the sea to feed.  Juveniles inhabit floodplain and shallow riverine habitats, migrate to the sea or estuarine habitats during first summer; in autumn return to the sea until maturity.  When at sea, it feeds on a wide variety of zooplankton (mainly crustaceans, (<i>Crangon, Upogebia, Idothea</i>, gammarids) and small fish (<i>Engraulis, Clupeonella, Sprattus</i>).  Reduction of spawning sites and migration routes are caused by impoundment of main rivers.  Heavy over fishing apparently reduced all populations during the first decade of the 20th century (Ref. 59043).  Reaches a smaller size (30 cm SL, usually 14-18) in Don River; a smaller form reaches only 21 cm.