Author: (Bleeker, 1852)
Comments: Occurs at midwater to bottom depths in rivers, streams, canals and swamps.  Large individuals also occur in impoundments.  Moves into seasonally flooded habits that supply its preferred diet of mostly periphyton as well as leafy plants like aquatic macrophytes and inundated land plants.  Also feeds on phytoplankton, filamentous algae and benthic algae.  Begins to return to the river  in October, with numbers steadily increasing until January, when they begin to decline again.  Large individuals are sold fresh or dried and salted, smaller ones are made into prahoc (Ref. 12693).