Author: (Castelnau, 1878)
FBname: Leathery grunter
Comments: Adults inhabit a variety of conditions ranging from brackish estuaries to clear or turbid flowing streams and still pools.  Usually in schools feeding on benthic mussels and algae (Ref. 5259, 44894).  Temp. range:  12-37.5°C (Ref. 7318, 44894).  Form shoals near the bottom (Ref. 44894).  Spawn in summer floods (November, water temp.  of 26-28°C) after nocturnal upstream migration. Eggs are guarded and fanned by the male parent (Ref. 205).   Maturity:  M, 25 cm SL; F, >30 cm SL; 50,000 eggs per kg; non-adhesive eggs, 2.5-4.0 mm diameter (Ref. 7317).