Author: (Lütken, 1874)
Comments: Frequently occur in large rivers with strong currents, in association with <i>Heptapterus longior</i> (Ref. 27188), <i>Pimelodella</i>, <i>Hemiancistrus</i>, <i>Lasiancistrus</i>, <i>Lithoxus</i>, <i>Characidium</i> and <i>Leporinus granti</i>.  Are more or less cave-dwellers, their reproduction is seasonal and sex determination type ZZ/ZW (heterogametic female) (Ref. 35381)