Author: (Linnaeus, 1758)
FBname: Ninespine stickleback
Remark: Name often misapplied for <i>Pungitius laevis</i> (Cuvier, 1829) that replaces <i>Pungitius pungitius</i> in nothwesternmost  Europe.
Comments: Found in shallow vegetated areas of lakes, ponds, and pools of sluggish streams; sometimes in open water over sand (Ref. 5723).  Marine populations found near shore and move into fresh water to spawn (Ref. 5723).  There appears to be seasonal movements inshore to shallow water in the spring for spawning, and, in the fall, offshore to deep water, or even to the less saline parts of the sea, by the young and adults that survive spawning (Ref. 27547).  Nerito-pelagic (Ref. 58426).  Feed on small invertebrates; also on aquatic insects and their  eggs and larvae (Ref. 1998).  Eggs are found in nests constructed from plant material (Ref. 41678).  Males build, guard and aerate the nest where the eggs are deposited (Ref. 205).  Females grow faster and live longer than do other males (Ref. 27547).  Males seldom live beyond age three, due to heavy post-spawning mortality, but females may live to age five or more (Ref. 27547).  When abundant, it is preyed upon by other fishes (Ref. 1998); also preyed by birds (Ref. 27547).  May be used as human or dog food or as a source of oil (Ref. 27547).