Author: Witkowski, 1994
Comments: Adults occur in a wide array of habitats from small lowland streams to fast-flowing piedmont rivers with clear water and sand to gravel bottom.  Usually do not occur in large lowland rivers. They are found burrowed in sand, avoiding mud or silt, sometimes in gravel (Ref. 59043).  Mature individuals spawn in batches (Ref. 59043).  Eggs, 1.1-1.2 mm in diameter, lay scattered over sand, gravel or other structures (Ref. 59043).  Absence of external gill filaments in free larvae but transparent bump on forehead prominent (Ref. 59043).  Larvae start to feed after 6 days at 3.1-4.2 mm TL (Ref. 59043).