Author: (Günther, 1868)
FBname: Australian river gizzard shad
Comments: Occur often far up rivers, but also in estuaries and in Lakes Alexandrina and Albert near mouth of a river (Ref. 188).  Most commonly inhabit streams coursing through relatively dry eucalyptus-scrub or desert areas, preferring sluggish or quiet waters (Ref. 5259, 44894).  Also found in saline lakes (slightly less salty than sea water).  Tolerant of water temperatures between 9° and 38°C and pH 4.8-8.6.  Although these fish have a wide tolerance of temperature and pH, they are susceptible to oxygen depletion and are usually the first to perish when ephemeral habitats begin to dry up.  Common length is 15-20 cm (Ref. 44894).  Frequently noted in large shoals that feed on benthic algae; also feed on insects and small crustaceans.  Spawning may occur repeatedly in the north with a peak during the wet season; probably annual in the south (Ref. 5259, 44894).