Author: (Müller & Troschel, 1844)
Remark: See Vari (1989:17) for detailed description.
Comments: A mud-eating fish, feeding on the organic matter that forms on submerged stones and higher plants (aufwuchs).  Matures sexually under normal rain patterns with  first spawning occurring during the first year.  Individuals of approximately 16 cm total length have reached sexual maturity.  A typical migratory fish, with periodical and prolific reproduction.  It does not spawn in captivity nor does it react satisfactorily to the common induced spawning techniques used successfully with other species (Ref. 10615).