Author: Olfers, 1831
FBname: Variable torpedo ray
Remark: <i>Torpedo zugmayeri</i> Engelhardt, 1912 could be a valid species after Weigmann (2016; Ref. 106604) (valid in ECoF, v. Jan. 2021).
Comments: Found inshore in sandy bottoms, and well offshore from the surf zone down to 200 m (Ref. 5578).  Also on or near coral reefs (Ref. 12951, Ref. 114953).  Common in shallow sandy areas (Ref. 2712).  Feeds on bony fishes (Ref. 12951) and benthic invertebrates (Ref. 114953).  Ovoviviparous (Ref. 50449).  Males mature by 30 cm TL (Ref. 114953). Occurs singly but may form groups during the breeding season (Ref. 12951).  Occasionally hooked by anglers, more often seen by divers; can deliver a strong shock (Ref. 2712).  Flesh is edible (Ref. 12484).  Can survive for hours after being stranded on the beach (Ref. 41394).