Author: (Bleeker, 1854)
Comments: Adults inhabit sea and rivers (Ref. 419).  Found in estuaries and lower (tidal) reaches of freshwater streams (Ref. 2847).  Usually recorded from swift flowing streams, often described as cascades or cascade zone, above or below waterfalls, with solid rock, boulder and gravel substrate.  A few sites consisted of mud and sand substrates and one was from a mangrove only 50 m from the shoreline.  Gut content of one specimen from Palau contained insect remains and a few nematodes (Ref. 84480).