Author: (Castelnau, 1855)
Remark: Redescription and synonymies based on examination of types by Regan (1904:236) and by Rapp Py-Daniel (1989:239), including also material from Tocantins; illustrations and color description of living specimens by Stawikowski (1991), with ecological notes; 12S and 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences used in a molecular phylogeny of Loricariidae by Montoya-Burgos et al. (1998: figs. 3,4,6; EMBL/GenBank Y08282, Y08330); mitochondrial D-loop sequences used in a molecular phylogeny of <i>Hypostomus</i> and related genera by Montoya-Burgos and Weber (in press, fig 2; EMBL/GenBank AJ318366).