Author: Kessler, 1864
Comments: Adults occur in deeper places while alevins and juveniles mostly found along eastern shore.  Feeds on benthic organisms such as crustaceans, insect larvae and mollusks. Used to migrate to River Volkhov up to its uppermost reaches for spawning, now blocked by a dam. Migrates to eastern coast before spawning, starting in May - June. Spawns in October - early November. In Volkhov, used to spawn high upstream, in riffles. Information about spawning in lake is sparse, but continued presence confirms lacustrine reproduction. Spawning is now assumed to occur in Volkhov estuary, probably also in lower River Svir  (Ref. 59043).