Author: (Bloch, 1794)
Remark: See Géry, Planquette & Le Bail (1991: 22, Pl. 6, Fig. 1) and Santos; Jegú & Merona (1984: 30) for descriptions and figures; synonymy above is based on personal observation and examination of types. Lectotypes of <i>H. microcephalus</i> and <i>H. kappleri</i> by present designation.
Comments: Occurs in fast-flowing rivers over rocky substrate.  Abundant in the lower part of rivers.  Feeds on detritus and periphyton.  Mature at about 11 cm; breeds during the rainy season (Ref. 12225). Iteroparous synchronous spawner (Ref. 51777).