Author: (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)
Remark: See Machado-Allison & Castillo (1992: 17) for detailed morphology.
Comments: Considered an omnivore with high tendency to herbivory, feeding mainly on vegetal matter and invertebrates. Reported to be highly fecund, fast growing with high mortality rates in early life stages and undertakes reproductive migrations, and the spawning occurs during the flood season, mainly in white waters rivers and associated wetlands, It is of moderate importance in commercial fisheries (Ref. 117280).